Keynesiani explanation beginning

On the other hand interpret the keynesianische economic theory unemployment as the consequence of demand lacking. Wages and salaries of the persons employed are not only costs of the Einzelunternehmer but also incomes. Differently than it stated, keynesianische theoreticians believe the neoclassical aspect that the demand represents a reduction of the material purchasing power of the purchasing power of the population after smaller wages with keynesianischer view. Therefore the realization would not require such a demand a reconciliation of the purchasing power of the population decrease by an increase of the consumption of the private households of the entrepreneurs or an expansion Exports.Die applicable tacit acceptance that the total demand remains unchanged, is valid any longer in individual cases, if all workers accept lower wages; because then sink as the first the wage and the content sum and the consumer goods oh question of the employee households might (in a first step) decrease/go back. However the lowering of the wages results in thus still no new employment. In addition depending upon reduction of the price level and the interest rate the capital goods oh question is affected. Also a deflation is not to be excluded with dropping the general price level.

Besides keynesianische economists state a number of further arguments:

• Wages rigide are according to experience, i.e. they do not sink with unemployment. A cause for it collective agreements can be, define minimum standard, which may not be fallen below. Also without such contracts employee of a wage cut might oppose large resistance. Also minimum wages and/or by unemployed person and social welfare assistance set standards can lead to the fact that wages do not sink in the measure that the market is vacated, thus unemployment sink.
• The wages are not only a market price, but it sets also incentives. It can be quite meaningful thus from view of the employers to pay wages which lie over the equilibrium wages, since they motivate so their employees to higher achievement.
• The wages represent the material base of life of the employees. If the wages sink, then some will increase their work offer, in order to suffer no income loss, by e.g. accepting a secondary job. The higher offer would require however further wage cuts, so that the job market comes to the equilibrium.
• The job market is not homogeneous, but regionally and sparkling wine-orally segmented. If unemployment develops e.g. only in a region, then the wages would have to sink there, while they remain unchanged in regions with full employment. Then a migration of workers would have to insert their production into the high wage regions, or enterprises into the low wage region to shift. If the factors of production are however immobil, wages also sinking do not eliminate unemployment.
• The job market is a subordinate market. Workers do not serve like normal economic goods for the direct satisfaction of a need. Work derived from the total demand to goods and services. (See also: Purchasing power theory). Classical interpretations of unemployment, which assume unemployment is to be attributed to it that the neighbouring costs of the factor work is higher the marginal utility, fades out the goods oh question against it perfectly.

The trade unions pursued long time the goal of reaching on the job market reconciliation between supply and demand by a rearrangement of the existing work (by means of shorter hours, promotion of part-time job etc.). Also the policy tried into the 1990er years to work against over early retirement of youth unemployment. However the employees were not replaced partly, whereby the social security came into a problematic situation.

Critics from the employernear camp reproach to this politics that she treats work like a hedonistisches property with the consequence of a scooping out of the work ethics and the work motivation. For the work ethics is konstitutiv that you are the basis a meaningful task and that the solution of this task is connected with the overcoming internal like outside resistances, speak effort and trouble costs. Acquisition work has classical-proves an authorization for the consumption of goods provided. If now the acquisition work is treated like a hedonistisches property, which is to be distributed therefore fairly, then the employed person can no more pride to his work be and from this its self value feeling refer, but must now for the fact be in reverse grateful that it may work. With a policy of the rearrangement of the work beyond that, was implemented so the critics, who work time not dependent on it made, one task and that which can be solved, which it to solve has, corresponds to what, but rigidly a low work time.

However from offer-oriented view not only alone the wages and/or the labour costs are made responsible for unemployment. One says also national adjustments after, her can a reconciliation on the job market prevent, by her e.g. developing new enterprises - e.g. in the service sector - in place of shrinking industries, the structural change to thus obstruct. Adjustments on the job market can also directly obstruct the job creation.

The sinking of the worker offer can be reached by the fact that the instruct-instructing its is decreased on earned incomes. Some Reformer suggest therefore the introduction of an unconditional basic income, which would make it for at present so large number of unemployed persons possible, a positive, to live sense-fulfilled life beyond the acquisition work which is naturally not possible at present in view of the work obligation and the Stigmatisierung of unemployed persons, so that with unemployed persons more or less inevitably a "identity crisis" and a purge process threaten. Also the question would be to be asked here, from which parts of the gross domestic product these achievementless incomes are to be paid, because also these incomes would load the division, which places the load by the factor of production work into the center of its considerations.

Relating to market conditions unemployment results also from a temporary lack of effective demand, why e.g. the Keynesianismus recommends an anticyclical fiscal policy for the prevention of such a lack of demand, while in contrast to it the Austrian school wants to set the demand in motion by reductions of taxes. Occasionally missing demand is made responsible also on a long-term basis, e.g. due to saturation, for unemployment. However a general, overall economic saturation cannot be justified convincingly, because straight involuntary unemployment accompanies with not satisfied consumer desires, which leads to the fact that the overall economic production potential is not fully working at full capacity.

Frequently as causes of unemployment to be called the world-wide competition between workers, the outsourcing or the globalization generally, and/or the technical progress.

From systemic view possibly also an utilization and a production logic contributes those to the emergence of unemployment, be based on small energy and raw material costs and at the same time labor intensive industries (services, repairs, maintenance) in relation to energy-intensive production (Wegwerfprodukte, new purchase instead of repair) disadvantaged with partially fatal ecological consequences. In addition it comes that work is the substantial basis of the taxation. A solution of this problem presupposes a fundamental change of the economic system. In Germany one tries to reduce these described consequences by the fact that additionally energy (by the tax) is taxed and with the incomes the factor of production work is relieved.

These are the usual theses represented by trade associations, which meet mostly in addition, on resistance, particularly since in practice also no positive effect could be proven to the tax, since since its introduction unemployment rose and was not lowered. Discharges on the financial source side and/or sinking wages or higher deliveries on wages lead usually only in the export increasing occupation, the domestic market suffer by the sinking purchasing power rather under it. Only there in the export and/or in the global market a minimum wage existed, the wage lowerings do not apply also only as temporally limited effectively to many.

Some Reformer represent the thesis that a substantial structural reason for the mass unemployment lies in technical progress, which lowered the need according to alive manpower drastically and will continue to lower. The times, in which the number of the jobs again-created during an upward business trend was larger than the number of the jobs destroyed before by rationalizations (or at least equally large) was, since center of the seventies and/or since the end of the classical industrial age, which was coined/shaped of labor intensive industries, finally past. would sink the number of the jobs since this time under the line. In favor of this thesis leaves itself among other things statistic indicator to state that the active volume is actually continuously fallen since center of the 1970er years, in which automation and the computer technology made large progress despite parallel clearly rising creation of value. An indication is also that phenomenon frequently which can be observed that with publication of mass redundancies by the management of an enterprise the share value of this enterprise at the stock exchange rises precipitously, which can be interpreted in such a way that with less manpower the creation of value appears as more lucrative. In particular however the circumstance that acquisition work is treated socially increasingly as a self purpose, is a clear reference on the fact that the work company is fundamentally come into the crisis and that the crisis consists above all of not being able to say good-bye of acquisition work as normal model of the social existence in the modern trend. Indeed the acquisition work politically in different way under the arms one seizes, approximately by sinking of the ancillary wages, which come down to a subsidization of the acquisition work and/or alive manpower in relation to machine solutions. In numerous industries (also in the service sector) schlummern besides large rationalization potentials, which cannot be exhausted by the entrepreneurs therefore fully, because they are bound still to the role of the employer at the same time. They must wait with the use of rationalization potentials defensively, until they can make plausible for the public that without rationalizations the enterprise existence stands on the play.

Since the migration movements of the 1990er years in Europe, also the portion of the Migranten of high unemployment is discussed. Foreigners/inside belong on the German job market to the underprivileged groups: They are superproportionally in activities busy, which are badly paid only small qualification requiring and. Their number of unemployed is in the comparison with native ones superproportionally highly (end of 2002:19,1 % to 10.8%), the same applies to the number of the foreign people on social security (end of 2002:8,6 % to 2.9%). Due to larger structural problems during the reintegration into the job market (among other things absence of formal education conclusions) foreign citizens are in particular affected by long-term unemployment. Long-term unemployment (1 year and longer) increased at this group within a yearly by scarcely 7%. Many unemployed persons foreigners/inside are among other things because of language difficulties, vocational qualification lacking or illness with difficulty obtainable. (Source: Catholic working group migration; http://www.kam-info-migration.de/pages/nl0310/kaminfo_nl0310_1.pdf)

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