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The unemployment ratio (often falsely also called unemployment rate) is the portion of the unemployed persons of the total number of the civilian employees. It is an indicator for the job market and employment outlook.
The unemployment ratio is computed as quotient from the number of the unemployed persons and the of a national economy:
\ mathrm {unemployment ratio} = \ frac {\ mathrm {registered \; Unemployed person}} {\ mathrm {civilian ones \; Employees}} \ 100% cdot
The force of expression of the unemployment ratio is again and again disputed. In particular the question whether as unemployed those are counted, which, or only those from this group, which really aim at a work and not for other reasons "formally" are not unemployed announced, are unemployed announced. As high the numerical difference between both groups is, is different, depending upon definition of unemployment. The policy is itself however united that unemployment in the trend increases. The controversy over the definition has therefore only political ones and no economic meaning.
Legally is unemployed, who looks for work and which job market is at the disposal. At the disposal are not to the job market for example:
The official unemployment ratio specified here considers neither covered unemployment (e.g. unemployed not announced persons) still the portion of the thus persons, who follow to less than 15 hours per week of a paid work, if these did not announce themselves unemployed.
There the unemployment ratio over the assigned work agency EDP (coArb) is determined, is besides a larger human and technical error factor to be taken into consideration. For example to enter forgotten after an indicated inability to work EDP technically again the characteristic for unemployed persons. This becomes more appropriate to in the middle of 2006 by the introduction of a new EDP system (VerBIS - switching of consulting and information system) in the agencies for work and working groups, since this system automates many so far status changes which can be made by hand. At the same time the number of sources of the numbers of unemployed has itself multiplied by the option for municipalities to care for receivers from achievements to that secondly book social legislation within own competence. An unemployed person can thereby if it no or unemployment pay receives with the agency for work or if it receives unemployment pay II at the responsible working group or with the opting municipality as unemployed to be counted.
The policy can press the unemployment ratio at short notice, by making funds available for work-providing measures (ABM), work opportunities (AGH) after the second book social legislation, personnel service agencies (PSA) or promotion of vocational further training (FbW). This organization possibility was gladly used in particular in the past before elections.
The message with the work agency as an unemployed person is a condition for the purchase of unemployment pay and other achievements after the third book social legislation. Therefore also persons announce themselves unemployed, who do not look actively not or for work.
In former times one assumed that, the unemployment ratio varies around a constant normal value. An arithmetic average value can actual be formed in some states, from which the unemployment ratio with cyclic unemployment deviates. This thesis represented above all Milton Friedman. Economists of its school numbered the natural unemployment ratio also with 4 - 6 per cent of all job seekers. As Falsifikation among other things also the job market in Switzerland can be considered to this thesis from the economic school of Milton Friedman. There these values were hardly ever reached. In Germany and other states the unemployment ratio rises however for the 1970er years continuously, whereby the natural unemployment ratio in such a way specified is to determine with difficulty there actual this term politically disputed.
The normal and/or natural unemployment ratio describes a value, from which one assumes, around it varies the unemployment ratio cyclically, whereby a deviation from the value is called cyclic unemployment.
| States | Unemployed person ratio 2004 |
|---|---|
| Poland | 18,8 % |
| Slowakei | 18,2 % |
| Spain | 10,9 % |
| Greece | 10,5 % |
| Turkey | 10,3 % |
| France | 9,6 % |
| Germany | 9,5 % |
| Finland | 9,0 % |
| Euro zone | 8,9 % |
| Tschechien | 8,3 % |
| Italy | 8,0 % |
| Belgium | 7,9 % |
| Canada | 7,2 % |
| Portugal | 6,7 % |
| Sweden | 6,4 % |
| Hungary | 6,0 % |
| The USA | 5,5 % |
| Australia | 5,5 % |
| Denmark | 5,4 % |
| Austria | 4,8 % |
| Luxembourg | 4,8 % |
| Japan | 4,7 % |
| UK | 4,7 % |
| The Netherlands | 4,6 % |
| Ireland | 4,5 % |
| Norway | 4,4 % |
| Switzerland | 4,4 % |
| New Zealand | 3,9 % |
| South Korea | 3,7 % |
| Source: OECD with ILO or government data | |
The unemployment ratio can be changed on the entrance side by the following factors:
On the outlet side the following factors are applicable
It is obvious that of an objective unemployment ratio can be so never spoken. From the registration as a job seeker if no advantages are acquired such as social security benefits (direct payments, insurance protection), then becomes someone, which changes the place hardly the trouble of the registration on itself takes. If the definition is work-searching intensified for, then the unemployment ratio falls also. Since these basic conditions are internationally very different, a comparison of the unemployment ratio is very difficult.
In addition it comes that there is the job market of a national economy only as statistic size. The individual partial markets can differ at the same time fundamentally from each other. One thinks only of the partial markets EDP services and mining industry end of the twentieth century.
If one leaves the statistic problems described above outside forwards, then however still substantial differences between the individual national economies remain and also in the course. The search for the on the job market and thus according to the causes for these differences and fluctuations is the subject of the political economy. For this an immense number of, quite contradicting, theories created itself.
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