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Forest-die designate the occurrence of wide damages of the forest tree existence by sour rains, ozone, heavy metals and different - in particular also natural - factors, which can lead in extreme cases to dying a forest.
In Germany one found 1984 well a third of the forest for ill. In the year 2000 still approximately 35 % of all are without recognizable damage, in the year 2004 are it only 28 % after the official forest damage report, while 41 % fell into the warning stage and scarcely a third had clear damage.
In the 80's, by the development at that time appearing wide dying of forests feared actual in particular also in the main damage areas at that time - after investments of over 196 million euro into the forest reorganization been missing. The emissions at sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides became in "the old "Federal Republic already with beginning of the 1. Environmental program of the Federal Government substantially decreases 1971 by extensive measures like the federal immission control law for air pollution control (S. external graph). Also the collapse some plan managing around 1990 contributed to a still by far more substantial reduction of the pollutant entries.
Typical symptoms at trees concerned are so-called fear impulses, with coniferous trees also the Vergilben of the needles and the Lamettasyndrom. With to strong it comes to dying the tree.
The record summer 2003 (hottest summer for 600 years) caused again very strong damage to the European forest stand. Also the agriculture reported substantial harvest losses. The public discussion over the causes of the forest dying was directed thereby in a new direction. The Land of the Federal Republic restaurant minister at that time Renate had before explained the forest dying for terminated. Also Swiss, Frenchmen and nearly all European neighbours had said good-bye to it. Toward end of the yearly 2003 however new numbers were presented. The German forest is in "alarming condition" was called it now from the same Ministry. The long continuing dry period of the summer 2003 had led obviously to the fact that now three quarters of all trees exhibited damage. The dryness had turned out thereby as main cause. Thus the assumption lies close that the much debated forest damage of the eighties was already caused obviously more by temporary dryness stress than by pollution impact - particularly the German forest is adapted to rainy climate and on dry summers more sensitively reacts than the forests of European neighboring countries, in which no considerable forest dying was determined. In that extremely are enough dry period of the summer 2003 by a rain a large part of the plants using in former times have been saved could. "Acid rain", with all, discussed pollutants the drying Flora in those days probably more been useful than would have even harmed the The impairment of the soil by permanent, immission-conditioned load should not be played down thereby however.
By the anthropogen conditioned Versauerung of the soils in shape of the so-called "acid rain "it to damages at the fine roots of the trees as well as the Mykorrhiza living with the trees in symbiosis come - are important to those mushrooms, those with the admission of mineral materials. The supply of the tree with water and mineral materials is impaired.
A subsequent problem of the Versauerung is the release of ions from heavy metals and aluminum, since they work strongly toxically. Finally necessary mineral materials steps such as calcium, potassium and magnesium also still of them decreased availability in addition due to intensified washing to the decreased photograph possibility.
Damages of the Stomata of the sheets by acid and ozone take the possibility to the trees of adjusting their evaporation. Disturbances with the admission of water thus increased by disturbances with the delivery of water vapour.
Due to the impairment by artificial pollutants it can come then to an intensified infestation by natural parasits, e.g. mushrooms, the crawler-type vehicles of the sponge crank and particularly by the bark beetle. With these organisms it - under climatic conditions favorable for it as for instance particularly be called and dry summers - comes to certain times to mass massenvermehrungen, which can be in such a manner serious that by the parasits afflicted forest areas are strongly damaged. Particularly spruce mono cultures are strongly affected by so that one changed over e.g. at the west slope of the Lusen in the national park Bavarian forest to renew existing Monokulturen carefully toward mountain mixed woodland.
At those times, in which the parasits are above all weather-related dezimiert, that can recover the forest again. Like that severe, cold winters are the largest enemy e.g. for the bark beetle. Unfortunately the weather of the last years favours also Gradationen in areas, where forest parasits were unknown so far. The today's potentially natural vegetation departs also in the few still existing, not directly areas affected by humans increasingly from the used tree existence.
It is remarkable that Lands of the Federal Republic with throughout recent tree existence (like e.g. Lower Saxony) suffered clearly less by the drynesses 2003 than such with older tree existence (e.g. Bavaria or Baden-Wuerttemberg). Unfortunately the forest status report divides only very roughly in two age groups: until 60 years and over 60 years.
With the so-called Holzvorrat, thus, Germany stands for the quantity of "harvest-ripe" or even "overripe" wood clearly in Europe at the point; and the Holzvorrat rises steadily. Our forests become on average thus ever older, thus ever more susceptibly and therefore tendentious ever more Well to observe is the influence of this effect of aging, if one compares the course of the damage of recent existence with the process of all existence: Although the recent existence (depending upon tree species) became on the average healthier within the last 10-15 years, the total damage follows this positive trend not and increases even rather.
Further effects can cooperate indirectly with the obsolescence: Thus for example forestry set long time on profitable, fast-increasing woods. Whether the location for the respective tree species was also on a long-term basis always optimally selected, may be doubted - it played also no role, since the trees were hit usually young and (still) healthy. Now, with aging existence such location disadvantages could become strengthened apparent.
Not least the risk of infection or rises in an obsolete tree community also for the younger and healthier trees. Possibly a punctual taper ratio of the forest could have contributed to a clearly smaller damage frequency - also under the younger trees -.
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